Hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant

Hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant

E-commerce brands, online retailers, direct-to-consumer businesses, dropshipping stores, wholesalers, manufacturers, subscription businesses and digital agencies can hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant to manage the day-to-day administrative and operational tasks required to keep a Shopify store organized and up to date. A Shopify Virtual Assistant can support product uploads, product descriptions, collections, inventory updates, order processing, customer service, returns administration, discount codes, Shopify admin, supplier coordination, fulfillment monitoring, data entry, reporting and basic e-commerce marketing support. Instead of business owners spending significant time on repetitive store-management activities, a trained Shopify VA can maintain approved workflows while owners and managers concentrate on products, marketing and growth. We help businesses hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistants in the USA, United Kingdom, Australia, UAE and Dubai. Related roles include Shopify VA, E-commerce Virtual Assistant, Shopify Store Assistant, Shopify Store Manager, Shopify Product Listing Specialist, E-commerce Administrative Assistant, Shopify Customer Support VA, Shopify Order Processing Specialist, Shopify Product Upload Specialist, Shopify Admin Assistant, Shopify Dropshipping VA and Online Store Virtual Assistant.

What Does a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant Do?

A Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant handles administrative and operational activities inside Shopify according to the permissions and procedures established by the store owner. Responsibilities can include creating and updating product listings, uploading approved images, organizing products into collections, updating variants, SKUs and inventory information, applying tags, maintaining product metadata, checking orders, updating fulfillment information, processing approved administrative actions and communicating with customers about order status. A Shopify VA can also maintain spreadsheets, organize digital assets, update website content, create discount codes when authorized, coordinate with suppliers and fulfillment partners, monitor low-stock information and prepare recurring operational reports. More experienced assistants may support basic Shopify SEO, email marketing, product research, competitor research, review management, merchandising and marketplace administration. Pricing decisions, refunds outside approved limits, payment settings, tax configuration, legal policies and high-risk account changes should remain controlled by authorized business personnel.

Why Hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant for Your E-Commerce Business?

Running a Shopify store involves much more than adding products and receiving orders. Growing stores can generate hundreds or thousands of recurring administrative tasks involving product information, inventory, customers, orders, returns, suppliers, promotions and reports. Hiring a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant gives the business dedicated operational support without requiring founders or senior e-commerce managers to perform every routine update themselves. A Shopify VA can follow standardized operating procedures for product uploads, order reviews, customer inquiries, fulfillment checks and catalog maintenance while escalating unusual situations to the appropriate manager. Businesses operating internationally can also use remote assistants to extend administrative coverage across different working hours. A Shopify VA can improve consistency and responsiveness when supported by good procedures, but the assistant should not guarantee increased sales, conversion rates or profitability because those outcomes depend on products, pricing, marketing, competition and broader business strategy.

Shopify Admin, Product Listings, Orders, Inventory and E-Commerce Skills

A capable Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant should understand Shopify Admin, products, collections, variants, SKUs, tags, metafields, inventory, customers, orders, fulfillment, draft orders, discount codes, gift cards, content, navigation and basic Shopify analytics according to the permissions required for the role. Product-management responsibilities may involve bulk product uploads, CSV files, product titles, descriptions, images, pricing supplied by authorized personnel, inventory quantities, product categories and collection organization. Assistants may also work with Google Sheets, Microsoft Excel, Google Drive, Microsoft 365, Canva, ChatGPT or approved AI productivity tools, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Asana, Monday.com, ClickUp, Trello, Airtable and Notion. Depending on the store, useful platform experience can include Klaviyo, Mailchimp, Gorgias, Zendesk, Reamaze, Judge.me, Yotpo, Loox, Recharge, ShipStation, ShipBob, Easyship, Printful, Printify, DSers, Zendrop and approved supplier or fulfillment platforms.

Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant Services for Different Businesses and Industries

Shopify Virtual Assistants can support stores selling fashion, clothing, footwear, jewelry, beauty products, cosmetics, skincare, electronics, home décor, furniture, gifts, personalized products, printing products, sports equipment, fitness products, supplements, pet products, automotive accessories, food and beverages, digital products and subscription products. A fashion retailer may need continuous assistance uploading sizes, colors, collections and seasonal products, while a beauty brand may require product-content updates, inventory administration and customer-service coordination. Dropshipping businesses may use Shopify VAs for product research, supplier communication, order monitoring and listing management, while print-on-demand stores can use assistants to coordinate product information with Printful or Printify. Established DTC businesses may require Shopify VAs to work alongside e-commerce managers, marketers, customer-service representatives, warehouse teams and fulfillment providers. The role should be configured according to actual store operations rather than giving one assistant unrestricted responsibility for unrelated financial, technical and commercial decisions.

Areas We Serve: Hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistants in the USA, UK, Australia, UAE and Dubai

Businesses can hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistants in the USA supporting online stores throughout California, Texas, Florida, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Colorado, Arizona and Washington, including New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Austin, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Orlando, Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Charlotte, Denver, Phoenix and Seattle. Relevant searches include Hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant USA, Shopify VA USA, Shopify Store Assistant USA, Shopify Product Listing Specialist USA, Shopify Order Processing VA USA, E-commerce Virtual Assistant USA, Shopify Customer Support VA USA, Shopify Dropshipping VA USA, Shopify Product Upload Specialist USA and Shopify Admin Assistant USA. Businesses in the United Kingdom can hire Shopify Virtual Assistants supporting England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, including London, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff and Belfast. Australian businesses can hire Shopify VAs supporting New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory, including Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Perth, Adelaide, Canberra, Hobart and Darwin. UAE businesses can hire Remote Shopify Virtual Assistants supporting Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and the wider Emirates, including e-commerce businesses operating around Business Bay, Downtown Dubai, Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City, Dubai Silicon Oasis, Jumeirah Lakes Towers, Dubai Marina and Dubai South.

Why Businesses Should Trust Us When Hiring Remote Shopify Virtual Assistants

A Shopify Virtual Assistant can potentially access customer names, addresses, orders, product information, inventory records and commercially sensitive store data, making access control an important part of remote e-commerce administration. Our approach focuses on matching Shopify VAs according to the organization’s product volume, order volume, customer-service requirements, fulfillment workflow, Shopify applications, operating hours, industry and level of administrative responsibility. Businesses should retain ownership and control of the Shopify store, domain, payment gateways, banking accounts, advertising accounts, analytics platforms and other critical systems while giving assistants only the permissions necessary for their assigned work. Organization-controlled accounts, role-based permissions and multi-factor authentication should be used where available. Refund limits, discounts, product-price changes and other financially significant actions should follow documented approval procedures, while customer information should only be accessed for legitimate business tasks.

Frequently Asked Questions About Hiring a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant

What is a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant? A Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant is an e-commerce support professional who performs administrative and operational tasks within Shopify while working remotely.

What does a Shopify Virtual Assistant do? A Shopify VA can manage product listings, collections, inventory updates, orders, customer inquiries, fulfillment monitoring, data entry and other approved Shopify administration.

Can I hire a Shopify Virtual Assistant remotely? Yes. Shopify is cloud-based, making product management, order administration, customer support and many other store-management activities suitable for remote work.

Can a Shopify VA upload products? Yes. Shopify Virtual Assistants can create product listings, upload images, enter approved product information and organize products according to established store procedures.

Can a Shopify VA upload products in bulk? Yes. Experienced assistants can use Shopify CSV workflows or approved applications to manage larger product catalogs when appropriate.

Can a Shopify VA write product descriptions? Yes. A VA can prepare or edit product descriptions based on verified product information, approved brand guidelines and the store’s content requirements.

Can a Shopify VA manage product variants? Yes. Product sizes, colors, styles and other variants can be created and maintained according to approved product data.

Can a Shopify VA organize Shopify collections? Yes. Assistants can create and maintain manual or automated collections according to the store’s merchandising structure.

Can a Shopify VA update inventory? Yes. Assistants can maintain inventory information using verified stock data supplied through approved systems and workflows.

Can a Shopify VA process orders? Yes. Shopify VAs can support approved order-processing workflows, check order information, monitor fulfillment and coordinate administrative issues.

Can a Shopify VA manage order fulfillment? A VA can coordinate fulfillment information and work with warehouses, suppliers or fulfillment providers. Physical fulfillment remains with the relevant provider.

Can a Shopify VA handle customer service? Yes. Shopify VAs can answer approved questions about orders, products, shipping, returns and store policies through email, live chat or customer-support platforms.

Can a Shopify VA manage returns and refunds? Assistants can administer returns and process refunds within clearly established policies and authorization limits. Exceptions should be escalated to authorized managers.

Can a Shopify VA use Gorgias? Yes. Businesses can hire Shopify VAs experienced with Gorgias for e-commerce customer-support workflows.

Can a Shopify VA use Zendesk? Yes. Zendesk can be used to manage customer inquiries, tickets and approved support workflows.

Can a Shopify VA use Klaviyo? Yes. Depending on experience and permissions, assistants can support approved Klaviyo list, campaign, template and e-commerce marketing administration.

Can a Shopify VA use Canva? Yes. Canva can be used for approved product graphics, banners and other basic e-commerce content when the assistant has appropriate design skills.

Can a Shopify VA work with Printful or Printify? Yes. Print-on-demand stores can hire Shopify VAs familiar with Printful, Printify and related product and order workflows.

Can a Shopify VA work with DSers? Yes. Dropshipping stores can hire assistants familiar with DSers and related supplier and order-management processes.

Can I hire a Shopify Dropshipping Virtual Assistant? Yes. A Shopify Dropshipping VA can support product research, listing administration, supplier coordination, order monitoring and customer support.

Can a Shopify VA perform product research? Yes. Assistants can research products, competitors, pricing information, customer reviews and market information according to the business’s research criteria.

Can a Shopify VA perform competitor research? Yes. Competitor research can include publicly available product ranges, pricing, promotions, content and merchandising strategies.

Can a Shopify VA help with Shopify SEO? Yes. Experienced assistants can implement approved SEO tasks such as product titles, descriptions, image alt text, metadata and internal content updates. More complex SEO strategy may require an SEO Specialist.

Can a Shopify VA create discount codes? Yes, where authorized. Businesses should establish clear approval rules covering discount percentages, eligibility and promotional periods.

Can a Shopify VA manage customer reviews? Yes. Assistants can monitor and respond to legitimate reviews according to approved brand guidelines and review-platform policies.

Can a Shopify VA update website banners and content? Yes. Where the Shopify theme provides editable sections, an assistant can update approved banners, text, images and promotional content.

Can a Shopify VA manage Shopify analytics? A VA can monitor available Shopify reports and prepare recurring summaries of approved metrics for managers.

Can a Shopify VA work with large product catalogs? Yes. Experienced Shopify Product Listing Specialists can manage stores containing hundreds or thousands of products using structured templates, spreadsheets and bulk-management workflows.

Can a Shopify VA manage multiple Shopify stores? Yes. An experienced assistant can support multiple stores when account permissions, procedures, priorities and working hours are clearly defined.

Can a Shopify Virtual Assistant replace a Shopify Developer? Not necessarily. A Shopify VA generally handles administrative and operational work, while a Shopify Developer handles Liquid code, themes, APIs, applications and complex technical changes.

Can a Shopify VA guarantee increased sales? No. A VA can improve operational consistency and administrative support, but sales depend on products, pricing, marketing, traffic, competition and customer demand.

How should I give a Shopify VA access to my store? Businesses should provide appropriate staff or collaborator permissions and restrict access to the functions required for the assistant’s responsibilities rather than sharing unnecessary owner-level credentials.

Can I hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant in the USA? Yes. Shopify merchants throughout the United States can hire remote assistants for product listings, orders, inventory, customer service and store administration.

Can I hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant in the UK or Australia? Yes. E-commerce businesses throughout the United Kingdom and Australia can hire Shopify VAs for ongoing online-store support.

Can I hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant in Dubai or the UAE? Yes. Online retailers throughout Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and the wider UAE can hire Shopify Virtual Assistants for local and international e-commerce operations.

Why should I hire a Remote Shopify Virtual Assistant through your service? We focus on matching e-commerce assistants according to your Shopify Admin, product listings, inventory, orders, Gorgias, Klaviyo, customer service, dropshipping, Printful, Printify and store-management requirements. Businesses can hire an individual Shopify VA or build remote e-commerce support teams serving operations across the USA, UK, Australia, UAE and Dubai.

Trust is essential when hiring professionals who will handle important business responsibilities, communicate with customers, access company systems, or contribute to ongoing projects. Our approach is focused on helping businesses hire experts and specialists with the skills and experience appropriate for their individual requirements. We understand that businesses are not simply looking for another worker; they are looking for dependable professionals who can become productive members of their teams.

We support businesses searching for remote professionals across administration, accounting, bookkeeping, customer service, sales, digital marketing, IT, software development, data, healthcare administration, legal support, insurance, real estate, e-commerce, research, and many other professional areas. This broad selection allows companies to look for talent according to the actual responsibilities of the position rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all hiring approach.

Our focus is also on flexibility. Businesses may need a full-time professional, part-time specialist, dedicated remote worker, or expert for a specific project. We help organizations explore talent according to those requirements.

Clear communication is equally important. Before hiring, businesses should understand the role being filled, required skills, expected responsibilities, working arrangements, and other important requirements. This helps create clearer expectations between businesses and remote professionals.

Whether you are hiring your first virtual assistant or expanding an established remote department, our objective remains the same: help you find skilled people who can support your organization effectively.

When you hire experts through our remote hiring solutions, you gain access to professionals across multiple fields while maintaining the flexibility to build a workforce around your organization’s specific needs.

Our remote hiring solutions are designed for businesses looking for professional talent across international markets. We help companies hire experts, hire specialists, and find remote workers for positions that can be successfully performed online, regardless of where the business maintains its primary office.

We serve businesses throughout the United States, including companies in major commercial markets such as New York, California, Texas, Florida, Illinois, Washington, Massachusetts, Georgia, Arizona, Colorado, and other states. American businesses can find remote professionals for administrative, accounting, customer service, sales, marketing, technology, healthcare support, legal, real estate, and e-commerce positions.

We also support businesses throughout the United Kingdom, including London, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Bristol, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and other locations. UK companies can hire specialists for both everyday operational responsibilities and more specialized professional functions.

Our services extend throughout Australia, supporting organizations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Canberra, Gold Coast, Newcastle, and other Australian locations.

Businesses in Dubai and throughout the United Arab Emirates (UAE) can also use our remote hiring solutions. We support organizations in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, and Umm Al Quwain that want to expand their teams with remote professionals.

Because the positions we focus on are remote-compatible, geographical distance does not have to prevent businesses from accessing specialized skills. Whether your organization operates from the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, or elsewhere in the UAE, you can search for professionals according to your role requirements.

Our objective is to make international remote hiring more accessible, allowing businesses to build flexible teams and access expertise beyond their immediate local employment market.

Businesses can hire experts and specialists across a wide range of remote-compatible professional categories. Our focus is on helping organizations find talent for both everyday business operations and positions requiring more specialized knowledge, experience, or technical capabilities.

For administrative requirements, businesses can hire virtual assistants, executive assistants, administrative assistants, remote receptionists, appointment setters, scheduling coordinators, data entry specialists, and other administrative professionals. Accounting and finance requirements can be supported by bookkeepers, accountants, accounts payable specialists, accounts receivable specialists, payroll professionals, billing specialists, and financial analysts.

Companies looking to strengthen customer acquisition and customer relationships can hire customer service representatives, live chat specialists, email support specialists, sales representatives, sales development representatives, business development representatives, lead generation specialists, account managers, and customer success professionals.

Digital and creative roles include SEO specialists, PPC specialists, digital marketers, social media managers, content writers, copywriters, graphic designers, presentation designers, video editors, and content marketing professionals. Technology-focused businesses can search for web developers, software developers, IT support specialists, database administrators, data analysts, automation specialists, AI professionals, and other technical experts.

We also support more specialized industries. Businesses can find remote professionals for healthcare administration, medical billing, medical coding, insurance verification, legal support, paralegal services, insurance operations, real estate administration, property management, mortgage processing, e-commerce operations, logistics, recruitment, research, and related functions.

This variety enables businesses in the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, and the UAE to build remote teams around their actual operational requirements.

Whether you need one specialist or professionals across several departments, our goal is to provide a straightforward way to identify the expertise your business needs and hire remote talent capable of supporting your organization.

  • Remote hiring gives businesses greater flexibility when searching for professionals with specific skills. Companies in the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, and across the UAE are no longer limited to recruiting only candidates who live within commuting distance of their offices. Instead, they can search for remote experts according to experience, professional capabilities, industry knowledge, and the requirements of each position.

    One major advantage is access to a broader talent pool. A company searching locally may have difficulty finding someone with experience in a particular technology, software platform, industry, or business process. Remote hiring expands the search and can make it easier to find professionals with the required specialization.

    Remote teams can also provide greater workforce flexibility. Businesses may hire specialists for full-time responsibilities, part-time support, dedicated ongoing positions, or individual projects. This allows organizations to structure their teams according to workloads and changing operational requirements.

    Companies can use remote professionals to support numerous departments. A business might hire a virtual assistant for administration, a bookkeeper for financial records, a customer service representative for customer communication, a lead generation specialist for sales development, and an SEO specialist for online visibility. More specialized organizations may require medical billing specialists, paralegals, insurance professionals, software developers, data analysts, or e-commerce specialists.

    Remote hiring can be particularly valuable for growing companies that need additional expertise without building every function around a traditional office-based workforce.

    Our goal is to help organizations hire experts and specialists who complement their existing teams and provide the skills needed for important business functions. Whether your company operates in New York, London, Sydney, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, or another market, remote hiring provides a flexible way to access professional talent and develop a workforce capable of supporting long-term business growth.

Finding the right professional involves more than simply matching a business with someone who has a particular job title. Companies need professionals whose skills, experience, availability, and working capabilities align with the responsibilities of the position. Our approach helps businesses hire experts and specialists based on their specific staffing and operational requirements.

The process begins with understanding what type of professional the business needs. Some companies may require a virtual assistant to manage administrative responsibilities, while others need a bookkeeper, customer service representative, sales specialist, digital marketer, software developer, or industry-specific professional. Clearly defining the role helps narrow the search toward suitable remote talent.

Businesses can hire professionals across administration, accounting, finance, customer support, sales, marketing, design, technology, data, human resources, healthcare administration, legal support, insurance, real estate, e-commerce, logistics, and research. This broad selection makes it possible to find specialists for both general business functions and more specialized positions.

We also recognize that staffing requirements vary between organizations. A startup may require one versatile remote professional, while an established company may need several specialists supporting different departments. Businesses can therefore explore talent for full-time, part-time, dedicated, ongoing, or project-based requirements.

Our remote hiring solutions serve organizations throughout the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, and the UAE, helping companies access professionals beyond their immediate geographic areas.

The objective is straightforward: make it easier to identify the expertise your organization requires and connect with professionals capable of performing that work remotely. Whether you need one expert for a specific responsibility or multiple specialists to expand your workforce, we help you build a remote team around your business needs.

Yes. Our remote hiring solutions are suitable for small businesses, startups, entrepreneurs, agencies, growing companies, and established organizations that need access to professional skills. Small businesses often have important responsibilities that require specialized expertise but may not need to establish a large traditional in-house department for every function.

For example, a growing company might need a bookkeeper to maintain financial records, a virtual assistant to manage administrative responsibilities, a customer service representative to respond to customers, and a digital marketing specialist to support online growth. Remote hiring allows businesses to access these skills while building their teams according to their current requirements.

Startups can also hire experts for specialized areas such as software development, web development, graphic design, lead generation, SEO, social media management, data analysis, automation, recruitment, and project management. This provides access to different professional capabilities as the company develops.

Flexible staffing is particularly useful when business requirements change. Organizations may need a specialist for a particular project, part-time support for an existing department, or a dedicated professional to handle ongoing responsibilities. As workloads increase, additional remote workers can be introduced into different areas of the business.

We support companies operating throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Dubai, and the wider UAE, including businesses that work entirely online or maintain a combination of office-based and remote teams.

Our goal is to make professional talent accessible to organizations of different sizes. You do not need to be a large corporation to hire specialists with relevant expertise. Whether you are launching a new company, expanding an existing operation, or strengthening a particular department, remote professionals can provide the skills and additional capacity required to support continued business growth.

Yes. Businesses have different staffing requirements, which is why flexibility is an important part of remote hiring. Companies can hire experts and specialists according to the type of support they require, including full-time, part-time, dedicated, ongoing, or project-based arrangements.

A full-time remote professional may be appropriate when a business has consistent responsibilities that require daily attention. Examples include virtual assistants, executive assistants, bookkeepers, customer service representatives, sales representatives, account managers, developers, and other professionals who can become an ongoing part of business operations.

Part-time hiring may be more appropriate when a company needs regular support but does not require a professional for a complete working day. This can work well for bookkeeping, administrative support, social media management, research, data entry, customer support, and numerous other functions.

Businesses can also hire specialists for defined projects. A company might require a web developer to complete a website, a graphic designer for marketing materials, a data analyst for a reporting project, an automation specialist to develop workflows, or a researcher for a specific business initiative.

Dedicated remote professionals can provide another option for organizations that want consistent access to particular expertise and closer integration with their existing teams.

These hiring possibilities are available to companies throughout the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, and UAE. Businesses can determine the role, responsibilities, required experience, expected working schedule, and duration according to their operational needs.

This flexibility allows organizations to build remote teams without applying the same staffing structure to every position. Whether you need temporary expertise, ongoing assistance, or a long-term team member, you can hire remote experts and specialists according to the requirements of your business.

Our remote hiring solutions can support businesses across a broad range of industries because many administrative, financial, technical, customer-facing, and professional responsibilities can now be completed remotely. We help organizations hire experts and specialists according to their industry, business model, department, and individual role requirements.

Professional services companies can hire accountants, bookkeepers, administrative assistants, executive assistants, researchers, customer support representatives, and marketing professionals. Technology companies can find software developers, web developers, IT support specialists, data analysts, QA professionals, automation specialists, and digital marketers.

Healthcare organizations can hire remote professionals for medical administration, billing, coding, patient scheduling, insurance verification, prior authorization, medical records, and other non-clinical support functions. Legal businesses can find paralegals, legal assistants, legal researchers, intake specialists, document review professionals, and other remote legal support specialists.

Real estate and property businesses can hire real estate virtual assistants, transaction coordinators, property listing specialists, lead generation professionals, appointment setters, mortgage support professionals, and property management assistants. E-commerce companies can hire Amazon virtual assistants, Shopify specialists, product listing professionals, customer service representatives, order processing specialists, and e-commerce operations professionals.

We also support businesses in insurance, logistics, education, recruitment, marketing, finance, consulting, hospitality, nonprofit organizations, and numerous other sectors.

Our services are designed for businesses throughout the USA, UK, Australia, Dubai, and the UAE, from startups and small businesses to agencies and established organizations.

Every company has different staffing requirements. Our objective is to provide access to a broad range of remote talent so businesses can find professionals whose expertise corresponds with the work they need completed.

Whether you need administrative support or highly specialized professional skills, you can hire experts and specialists to strengthen individual departments, increase operational capacity, and build a flexible remote workforce.